I think Charles mainly uses the traditional tribal model that may have been accurate before 2022. I believe many Kenyans will move away from tribal voting this time because of the Economy and severe hate for the drunkard! Also, from 2008-to the present, DP made serious investments in churches, madrasas, women groups, Bodabodas, Mama mbogas, Jua Kali folks, Elders, youth groups, and other groups over Kenya. I think those groups that have been touched by DP's billions will defy traditional tribal voting. For instance, these women and many other Kamba women impacted by Ruto through unlimited donations through his Samoei Ruto foundation may vote WIPER down the ballot
Still, on the primary ballot, they will NEVER miss voting the hand that giveth! DP has massive support deep in villages and slums because of the money he donates to the needy yearly.